Desde que se creó en 1989, el régimen internacional de lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales no está funcionando tan bien como debería. Los expertos siguen estudiando cómo poner en práctica un sistema que funcione. Durante este período, también han aparecido en la agenda internacional otros flujos monetarios ilícitos o no regulados. Hoy en día, la evasión y elusión de impuestos, los capitales en fuga, la fijación de los precios de transferencia y la manipulación de éstos, y las ganancias que proceden de la corrupción se consideran quizá obstáculos más perjudiciales para la buena gobernanza y la estabilidad e integridad del sistema financiero.
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Uncomfortable truths? ML=BS and AML= BS2
Ronald F. PolJournal of Financial Crime
Vol. 25 Issue: 2, 2018, pp.294-308The purpose of this paper is to advance debate and prompt new strategies substantially to improve the capacity to disrupt serious profit-motivated crime. Using interdiction rates (the proportion of criminal funds seized or forfeited) as an interim proxy effectiveness indicator, this article challenges elements of the dominant anti-money laundering/counter-financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) narrative, and reflects on policy effectiveness and outcomes. Interdiction rates in jurisdictions surveyed hardly constitute a rounding error in the accounts of profit motivated criminal enterprises. The current AML/CFT model appears almost completely ineffective in disrupting illicit finances and serious crime.
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Global Surveillance of Dirty Money
Assessing Assessments of Regimes to Control Money-Laundering and Combat the Financing of Terrorism
Terence C. Halliday, Michael Levi & Peter ReuterCenter on Law and Globalization
January 2014This first independent assessment of the global AML system, conducted by the Center on Law and Globalization, appraises efforts to rate countries by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an organization of advanced economies that sets the rules for control of money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. The FATF, IMF and other bodies rate more than 150 countries on whether they meet the FATF’s global standards by enacting laws, creating regulatory agencies, prosecuting offenders and confiscating moneys. The IMF, one of the largest of these assessing bodies, has had substantial influence on methods and practices of assessment in the worldwide regulation of moneys flowing from crime or to terrorists.
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Drug law enforcement and financial investigation strategies
Michael LeviIDPC Modernising Drug Law Enforcement Report 5
September 2013Since the 1980s, there has been a major push in rhetoric and institution-building, emphasizing the centrality of attacking the financial lifeblood of drug trafficking networks and organised economic crimes. Much progress has been made in legislation and the creation of financial intelligence units. However, there are volumes of commentary and legal analysis, but almost nowhere in the world is there any systematic analysis of law enforcement or criminal justice inputs or outputs, let alone of outcomes in terms of reduced crimes of any kind or reduced harms arising from the ‘organised’ nature of crime.
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Las deficiencias en la supervisión financiera posibilitan el lavado de dinero
Después de casi 25 años de esfuerzos fallidos, los expertos siguen estudiando cómo poner en práctica un régimen anti-lavado de dinero que funcione
Tom BlickmanMiércoles, 15 de mayo, 2013En julio de 1989, los líderes de los poderes económicos reunidos en la Cumbre del G7 en París resolvieron establecer el Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI) para luchar contra el lavado de dinero como una estrategia eficaz contra el tráfico de drogas de los 'cárteles' criminales. Sin embargo, desde el inicio del régimen internacional anti lavado de dinero (ALD) ha aumentado el convencimiento de que el régimen no está funcionando tan bien como debería.
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Draining Development?
Controlling Flows of Illicit Funds from Developing Countries
Peter Reuter (ed.)World Bank
March 2012The book provides the first collection of analytic contributions, as opposed to advocacy essays and black box estimates, on illicit financial flows (IFFs). Some of the chapter presents new empirical findings; others, new conceptual insights. All of them enrich the understanding of the dynamics of the illicit flows phenomenon. The book does not offer a new estimate of the global total of these flows because the phenomenon is too poorly understood.
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Lucha contra los flujos de capitales no regulados e ilícitos
Blanqueo de capitales, evasión fiscal y regulación financiera
Tom BlickmanCrimen y Globalización documentos de debate 3
Diciembre de 2009Desde que se creó en 1989, el régimen internacional de lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales no está funcionando tan bien como debería. Tras dos décadas de esfuerzos fallidos, los expertos siguen estudiando cómo poner en práctica un sistema que funcione.
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Money Laundering, Tax Evasion and Financial Regulation
TNI Expert Seminar
June 12-13, 2007The seminar looked at the effectiveness of the Anti Money Laundering (AML) regime that has been built over the past two decades, and the more recent attempts by states and international organisations to control tax evasion, capital flight and curb tax avoidance and harmful tax competition. Despite the impressive paper framework the AML regime appears to be not very effective.
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Money Laundering
Michael Levi and Peter ReuterCrime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol.34: 289-375
2006Techniques for hiding proceeds of crime include transporting cash out of the country, purchasing businesses through which funds can be channeled, buying easily transportable valuables, transfer pricing, and using “underground banks.” Since the mid-1980s, governments and law enforcement have developed an increasingly global, intrusive, and routinized set of measures to affect criminal revenues passing through the financial system. Available data weakly suggest that the anti–money laundering (AML) regime has not had major effects in suppressing crimes.
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Chasing Dirty Money
The Fight Against Money Laundering
Peter Reuter and Edwin M. TrumanPeterson Institute for International Economics
November 2004Originally developed to reduce drug trafficking, national and international efforts to reduce money laundering have broadened over the years to address other crimes, and most recently, terrorism. These efforts now constitute a formidable regime applied to financial institutions and transactions throughout much of the world. Yet few assessments of either the achievements or consequences of this regime have been made.
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